BandwidthSaturation

Description

The pattern "Bandwidth Saturation" describes the performance limitation caused by fully utilizing a shared data path. It depends on the system level which data path can be saturated. Inside CPU packages and whole compute nodes, the main resource for saturation is the memory subsystem but also the last level cache is a candidate. At cluster level, the shared data path is the interconnect network shared by all compute nodes.

Symptoms

• Saturating speedup across cores sharing a data path

Detection

Node-level

At system level use a hardware-counter tool like:

• LIKWID with performance groups MEM and L3
• Same information can be provided by perf or PAPI

$ ./stream_c.exe
[...]
Number of Threads requested = 72
Number of Threads counted = 72
[...]
Function    Best Rate MB/s  Avg time     Min time     Max time
Copy:           89404.0     0.015000     0.014317     0.019208
Scale:          89804.8     0.014478     0.014253     0.016137
Add:           111841.9     0.017226     0.017167     0.017482
Triad:         112802.2     0.017378     0.017021     0.022843
 

for Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2697 v4 @ 2.30GHz

When running your code, track the memory bandwidth with a suitable tool (likwid-perfctr with L2, L3, and MEM setting, PAPI with L1*, L2*, L3* metrics or perf with L1*, LLC* and uncore_imc* events). As example, we use a 2D 5pt Jacobi stencil with LIKWID MarkerAPI instrumentation:

$ likwid-perfctr -C N:0-71 -g MEM -m ./jacobi N=10000 M=10000 iters=400
+----------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
|                 Metric                 |     Sum     |    Min    |     Max    |    Avg    |
+----------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
|        Runtime (RDTSC) [s] STAT        |    633.3824 |    7.9773 |     8.8253 |    8.7970 |
|        Runtime unhalted [s] STAT       |    572.7102 |    7.1261 |     8.0533 |    7.9543 |
|            Clock [MHz] STAT            | 165407.9898 | 2297.3075 |  2297.3480 | 2297.3332 |
|                CPI STAT                |    190.4477 |    2.3898 |     2.6929 |    2.6451 |
|  Memory read bandwidth [MBytes/s] STAT |  77683.1009 |         0 | 38961.5229 | 1078.9320 |
|  Memory read data volume [GBytes] STAT |    619.8433 |         0 |   310.9481 |    8.6089 |
| Memory write bandwidth [MBytes/s] STAT |  40310.8116 |         0 | 20292.1240 |  559.8724 |
| Memory write data volume [GBytes] STAT |    321.6454 |         0 |   161.9495 |    4.4673 |
|    Memory bandwidth [MBytes/s] STAT    | 117993.9126 |         0 | 59253.6469 | 1638.8043 |
|    Memory data volume [GBytes] STAT    |    941.4886 |         0 |   472.8975 |   13.0762 |
+----------------------------------------+-------------+-----------+------------+-----------+
 

Compare the reported bandwidth with the one from your benchmarking run. If it is comparable, your code saturates the bandwidth.

Cluster-level

At cluster level you need special tools for the specific network technology

Possible optimizations and/or fixes

In general, it is beneficial to saturate the bandwidth as your code runs at the highest performance possible but maybe you can do better.

If you are saturating memory bandwidth, you can try to increase the usage of data already loaded into the caches (spacial blocking, temporal blocking, ...)

If you have multiple loops traversing the same data, fuse the loops.

Applicable applications or algorithms or kernels

Examples applications which commonly saturate bandwidth:

• STREAM benchmark
• others