Difference between revisions of "Programming Languages"
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== High-level programming languages == | == High-level programming languages == | ||
| − | ... are readable by humans. The source code is a text file, to be | + | ... are readable by humans. The source code is a text file, to be translated to an executable file by a [[Compiler|compiler]] (we do not want to introduce the definition bush about compiled and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language interpreted languages] here). In addition to human-readablity these programs are portable, you just need to recompile your code on another hardware using a compiler understanding the same language. Note that being standard-compliant for both the code and the compiler greatly enhance the chances of porting to be a smooth, enjoyable procedure. |
* Fortran, the 1st wide-used high-level programming, used in HPC since 1954 and will likely be used for a lomg time, as there are still many Fortran projects around. Fortran handles multi-dimensional arrays comfortably. Due to some restrictions in the memory handling the compiler has more optimisation freedom leading to quite well-performing code out of the box, usually. | * Fortran, the 1st wide-used high-level programming, used in HPC since 1954 and will likely be used for a lomg time, as there are still many Fortran projects around. Fortran handles multi-dimensional arrays comfortably. Due to some restrictions in the memory handling the compiler has more optimisation freedom leading to quite well-performing code out of the box, usually. | ||
| − | * C and C++ are related languages with the second being object-oriented with a lot of programming comfort. “C programs are the fastest” is usually not true. As C has very few syntax limitations, this often gives the compiler a hard time optimizing. The passing of pointers is in most cases the biggest handicap. You can rid this, but need to take care. | + | * C and C++ are related languages with the second being object-oriented, with a lot of programming comfort. “C programs are the fastest” is usually not true. As C has very few syntax limitations, this often gives the compiler a hard time optimizing. The passing of pointers is in most cases the biggest handicap. You can rid this, but need to take care. |
| + | |||
* JAVA is a widely used programming language, but due to performance issues in most cases not suited for high performance computing. | * JAVA is a widely used programming language, but due to performance issues in most cases not suited for high performance computing. | ||
| − | Script / interpreted languages | + | == Script / interpreted languages == |
| − | * [[Shell|Shell]] | + | * [[Shell|Shell]] helps you to script many calls to a single program. The [[Batch-Scheduler|batch scripts]] are programmed in one of Shell languages. |
| − | * [[Python/pip Python]] | + | * [[Python/pip|Python]] evolves to very powerful scientific computing language nowadays, especially for those prepared to abadon MATLAB from the compute pipeline. |
| − | * Perl | + | * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl Perl] is another scripting language with very powerful handling of regular expressions. |
| − | + | * MATLAB is a powerful numerical computing environment with same-called programming language. | |
| − | |||
| − | * MATLAB | ||
== References == | == References == | ||
| + | tbd. | ||
Revision as of 16:00, 5 May 2020
Among the decades, very many programming languages has been evolved. We list some most widely used in the context of HPC here.
Low-Level programming languages
- Machine code: That are 10001001011110 your computer can understand. You likely not.
- Assembler: human-readable (to somehow extent; many says 'for special humans'), but still very low-level. Allows the programmer to get the very last possible performance crumbs from the hardware, but in turn is hardware-dependent and very tedious to program. Highly-tuned libraries often contain ASM parts, often making this software less-portable. You should not start at assembler level when programming an application.
High-level programming languages
... are readable by humans. The source code is a text file, to be translated to an executable file by a compiler (we do not want to introduce the definition bush about compiled and interpreted languages here). In addition to human-readablity these programs are portable, you just need to recompile your code on another hardware using a compiler understanding the same language. Note that being standard-compliant for both the code and the compiler greatly enhance the chances of porting to be a smooth, enjoyable procedure.
- Fortran, the 1st wide-used high-level programming, used in HPC since 1954 and will likely be used for a lomg time, as there are still many Fortran projects around. Fortran handles multi-dimensional arrays comfortably. Due to some restrictions in the memory handling the compiler has more optimisation freedom leading to quite well-performing code out of the box, usually.
- C and C++ are related languages with the second being object-oriented, with a lot of programming comfort. “C programs are the fastest” is usually not true. As C has very few syntax limitations, this often gives the compiler a hard time optimizing. The passing of pointers is in most cases the biggest handicap. You can rid this, but need to take care.
- JAVA is a widely used programming language, but due to performance issues in most cases not suited for high performance computing.
Script / interpreted languages
- Shell helps you to script many calls to a single program. The batch scripts are programmed in one of Shell languages.
- Python evolves to very powerful scientific computing language nowadays, especially for those prepared to abadon MATLAB from the compute pipeline.
- Perl is another scripting language with very powerful handling of regular expressions.
- MATLAB is a powerful numerical computing environment with same-called programming language.
References
tbd.