Difference between revisions of "Introduction to Linux in HPC/Historical Background"

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Introduction to Linux in HPC/Historical Background
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[[Category:Tutorials|Linux History and Background]]<nowiki />
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{{DISPLAYTITLE:Linux History and Background}}<nowiki />
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{{Syllabus Introduction to Linux}}<nowiki />
 
__TOC__
 
__TOC__
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This part of the tutorial introduces Linux and puts it into context with the UNIX operating system, the POSIX standard, and the GNU initiative.
 +
It further introduced terms like kernel and distribution that will help you understand further literature or videos on this topic.
  
 
=== Video === <!--T:5-->
 
=== Video === <!--T:5-->
  
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<youtube width="600" height="400" right>IfD9IPixgpo</youtube>
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<youtube width="600" height="340" right>zfCKSXo9hWk</youtube>
  
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[https://git-ce.rwth-aachen.de/hpc.nrw/ap2/tutorials/linux/-/blob/master/Slides/Linux_Intro/Linux_Intro.pdf Linux Introduction] Slides 17 - 23 (7 pages)
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([[Media:HPC.NRW_Introduction_to_Linux_in_HPC_01_Background_and_History.pdf | Slides as pdf]])
  
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=== Quiz === <!--T:5--> 
  
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=== Slide Layout === <!--T:5-->
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{{hidden begin
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|title = 1. What is the POSIX Standard?
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}}
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<quiz display=simple>
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{
 +
|type="()"}
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+ A standard describing interfaces that all complicant variants of UNIX need to implement.
 +
|| True
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- A proposal for a new operating system succeeding UNIX.
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|| The POSIX standard is not a specific implementation, but rather a standardized interface.
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- A UNIX distribution that had to be renamed due to legal claims.
 +
|| The POSIX standard is not a specific implementation, but rather a standardized interface.
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</quiz>
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{{hidden end}}
  
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    page 1:
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{{hidden begin
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        Linux is an open source Unix-like OS (behaves similar to Unix).
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|title = 2. What does Linux refer to?
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            brief characteristics of Unix
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}}
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        Linux is compatible to the POSIX standard.
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<quiz display=simple>
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            brief characteristics of POSIX
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{
−
    page 2:
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|type="()"}
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        There are many Unix variants from different companies: Apple, Sun, IBM, HP and even Microsoft.
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- A complete installation of the operating system with all supporting tools and applications.
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    page 3:
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|| Linux only refers to the kernel only. System application may be developed for Linux but they are not part of Linux itself.
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        Linux is developed along this line.
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+ The operating system kernel only.
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    page 4:
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|| Linux only refers to the kernel only. System application may be developed for Linux but they are not part of Linux itself.
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        Historically there are two separate initiatives: GNU and Linux
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- The operating sytem kernel including the most basic system tools.
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        To be more precise: GNU/Linux
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|| Linux only refers to the kernel only. System application may be developed for Linux but they are not part of Linux itself.
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            Linux: OS kernel
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</quiz>
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            GNU: many user programs
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{{hidden end}}
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        Therefore many distros
 
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    page 5:
 
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        Distros can be divided into different categories.
 
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            for server: RHEL, Fedora, CentOS
 
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            for user: Debian, Ubuntu, Mint
 
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            for workplace: Suse
 
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            specialized distros: Kali Linux for security testing
 
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    page 6:
 
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        HPC: all Top 500 supercomputers use Linux
 
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        Popular desktop Linux distros: Ubuntu, Linux Mint ...
 
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    page 7:
 
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        Which Linux distro should I use?
 
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            It depends on your needs.
 
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            Available software packages, support and maintenance are also important.
 
−
 
 
−
 
 
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=== Quiz === <!--T:5-->
 
  
−
           
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{{hidden begin  
−
{{hidden begin
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|title = 3. What is a distribution?
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|title = 1. Are all Top 500 supercomputers using Linux in HPC?
 
 
}}
 
}}
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
{
 
{
 
|type="()"}
 
|type="()"}
−
+ Yes
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- A commercial publishing channel to obtain the Linux kernel. 
−
|| see [https://top500.org/statistics/list top500] (access on 27.08.2020) List in June 2020 shows all Top 500 supercomputers are using Linux.  
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||
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- No
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+ A pre-configured collection of Linux kernel and accompanying applications.
−
||
+
||  
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- A public file server hosting the Linux kernel and a few system applications.  
 +
||
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- None of the Above
 +
||  
 
</quiz>
 
</quiz>
 
{{hidden end}}
 
{{hidden end}}
−
 
+
           
−
{{hidden begin |title = 2. What does GNU stands for? }}
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{{hidden begin  
 +
|title = 4. What does GNU stands for?
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}}
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
<quiz display=simple>
 
{
 
{
 
|type="()"}
 
|type="()"}
−
+ A. GNU's Not Unix
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+ GNU's Not Unix
 
|| True
 
|| True
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- B. Geek Needed Unix
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- Geek Needed Unix
 
||  
 
||  
−
- C. General Unix
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- General Unix
 
||
 
||
−
- D. General Unix
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- None of the Above
−
||
 
−
- E. None of the Above
 
 
||  
 
||  
 
</quiz>
 
</quiz>
 
{{hidden end}}
 
{{hidden end}}
  
 +
{{hidden begin
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|title = 5. How many HPC systems of the Top500 used some form of Linux in June of 2020?
 +
}}
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<quiz display=simple>
 +
{
 +
|type="()"}
 +
- 80%
 +
|| see [https://top500.org/statistics/list top500] (access on 27.08.2020) List in June 2020 shows all Top 500 supercomputers are using Linux.
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- 95%
 +
|| see [https://top500.org/statistics/list top500] (access on 27.08.2020) List in June 2020 shows all Top 500 supercomputers are using Linux.
 +
+ 100%
 +
|| see [https://top500.org/statistics/list top500] (access on 27.08.2020) List in June 2020 shows all Top 500 supercomputers are using Linux.
 +
</quiz>
 +
{{hidden end}}
  
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{{Warning|mode=info|text= '''no tips in this section'''}}
 
  
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{{Warning|mode=warn|text= '''no warning in this section'''}}
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{{Tutorial Navigation
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| main = [[Introduction_to_Linux_in_HPC | Overview ]]
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| next = [[Introduction_to_Linux_in_HPC/The_Command_Line | The Command Line ]]
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{{Note|'''Exercises in Terminal: no exercises in this section'''}}
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}}

Latest revision as of 17:17, 4 December 2020

Tutorial
Title: Introduction to Linux in HPC
Provider: HPC.NRW

Contact: tutorials@hpc.nrw
Type: Multi-part video
Topic Area: HPC Platforms
License: CC-BY-SA
Syllabus

1. Background and History
2. The Command Line
3. Linux Directory Structure
4. Files
5. Text display and search
6. Users and permissions
7. Processes
8. The vim text editor
9. Shell scripting
10. Environment variables
11. System configuration
12. SSH Connections
13. SSH: Graphics and File Transfer
14. Various tips

This part of the tutorial introduces Linux and puts it into context with the UNIX operating system, the POSIX standard, and the GNU initiative. It further introduced terms like kernel and distribution that will help you understand further literature or videos on this topic.

Video

( Slides as pdf)

Quiz

1. What is the POSIX Standard?

A standard describing interfaces that all complicant variants of UNIX need to implement.
A proposal for a new operating system succeeding UNIX.
A UNIX distribution that had to be renamed due to legal claims.

2. What does Linux refer to?

A complete installation of the operating system with all supporting tools and applications.
The operating system kernel only.
The operating sytem kernel including the most basic system tools.

3. What is a distribution?

A commercial publishing channel to obtain the Linux kernel.
A pre-configured collection of Linux kernel and accompanying applications.
A public file server hosting the Linux kernel and a few system applications.
None of the Above

4. What does GNU stands for?

GNU's Not Unix
Geek Needed Unix
General Unix
None of the Above

5. How many HPC systems of the Top500 used some form of Linux in June of 2020?

80%
95%
100%



 

Overview

The Command Line >>

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