Difference between revisions of "Introduction to Linux in HPC/The Command Line"
Introduction to Linux in HPC/The Command Line
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| − | [[Category:Tutorials]]<nowiki /> | + | [[Category:Tutorials|Command Line (Linux)]]<nowiki /> |
| − | {{DISPLAYTITLE: | + | {{DISPLAYTITLE:Command Line (Linux)}}<nowiki /> |
{{Syllabus Introduction to Linux}}<nowiki /> | {{Syllabus Introduction to Linux}}<nowiki /> | ||
__TOC__ | __TOC__ | ||
| Line 15: | Line 15: | ||
{{hidden begin | {{hidden begin | ||
| − | |title = Which keys can be used | + | |title = Which keys can be used to access the command history? |
}} | }} | ||
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
| Line 21: | Line 21: | ||
|type="()"} | |type="()"} | ||
+ up- and down-arrow keys | + up- and down-arrow keys | ||
| − | || Explanation: up- and down-arrow keys (↑ and ↓) can be used | + | || Explanation: up- and down-arrow keys (↑ and ↓) can be used to access the command history. The behavior of page-up and page-down keys depends on the setting of a terminal. But normally the command history is not available by using the page-up and page-down keys. |
| − | - | + | - page-up and page-down keys |
|| | || | ||
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
| Line 28: | Line 28: | ||
{{hidden begin | {{hidden begin | ||
| − | |title = | + | |title = Which character do command line options conventionally start with? |
}} | }} | ||
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
{ | { | ||
|type="()"} | |type="()"} | ||
| − | + the dash | + | - the dollar sign |
| − | || Explanation: | + | || |
| − | - | + | + the dash sign (hyphen) |
| + | || Explanation: the dash sign is used to prefix a command line option, however, it can vary depending on the program developer. A single dash signals multiple, single-character flags and a double dash prefixes a single multicharacter option. | ||
| + | - the greater-than sign | ||
|| | || | ||
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
| Line 41: | Line 43: | ||
{{hidden begin | {{hidden begin | ||
| − | |title = | + | |title = What happens if the control and c keys (Ctrl+C) are pressed simultaneously on the command line? |
}} | }} | ||
<quiz display=simple> | <quiz display=simple> | ||
{ | { | ||
|type="()"} | |type="()"} | ||
| − | + | + | + the current command is aborted |
| − | || Explanation: | + | || Explanation: on the command line pressing the Ctrl+C keys together aborts the command or program currently running and returns you to the command line. However, be aware that Ctrl+C may be used to copy text in a GUI environment! |
| − | - | + | - a script starts running in the shell |
|| | || | ||
| + | - highlighted text is copied to the clipboard | ||
</quiz> | </quiz> | ||
{{hidden end}} | {{hidden end}} | ||
| + | {{hidden begin | ||
| + | |title = Which one of these is not (normally) an element of the console prompt statement? | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | <quiz display=simple> | ||
| + | { | ||
| + | |type="()"} | ||
| + | - working directory | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | - user name | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | - host name | ||
| + | + time and date | ||
| + | || Explanation: the time and date is not normally shown in the console prompt statement, however, be aware that this behaviour can be changed! | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | </quiz> | ||
| + | {{hidden end}} | ||
| + | {{hidden begin | ||
| + | |title = How can I list all available commands if I don’t know the exact name of the command, for example? | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | <quiz display=simple> | ||
| + | { | ||
| + | |type="()"} | ||
| + | - press the enter key | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | - read the man pages | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | + press the tab key | ||
| + | || Explanation: Auto-completion or tab-completion completes the rest of a partially typed command for you, if it is available on the system. If there are multiple possibilities, press the tab key a second time to list all available options. | ||
| + | || | ||
| + | - use the --help option | ||
| + | </quiz> | ||
| + | {{hidden end}} | ||
{{Warning|mode=info|text= ''' Working directory in console reminds user, where they are. (page 27)'''}} | {{Warning|mode=info|text= ''' Working directory in console reminds user, where they are. (page 27)'''}} | ||
Latest revision as of 17:20, 4 December 2020
| Tutorial | |
|---|---|
| Title: | Introduction to Linux in HPC |
| Provider: | HPC.NRW
|
| Contact: | tutorials@hpc.nrw |
| Type: | Multi-part video |
| Topic Area: | HPC Platforms |
| License: | CC-BY-SA |
| Syllabus
| |
| 1. Background and History | |
| 2. The Command Line | |
| 3. Linux Directory Structure | |
| 4. Files | |
| 5. Text display and search | |
| 6. Users and permissions | |
| 7. Processes | |
| 8. The vim text editor | |
| 9. Shell scripting | |
| 10. Environment variables | |
| 11. System configuration | |
| 12. SSH Connections | |
| 13. SSH: Graphics and File Transfer | |
| 14. Various tips | |
This part of the tutorial introduces one of the most important tools in Linux-based systems: the command line. The command line is basically a text interface for your computer and it can be pretty daunting at first if you are used to a graphical user interface (GUI). This short tutorial explains the basics enabling you to get started straight away!
Video
Quiz
Which keys can be used to access the command history?
Which character do command line options conventionally start with?
What happens if the control and c keys (Ctrl+C) are pressed simultaneously on the command line?
Which one of these is not (normally) an element of the console prompt statement?
How can I list all available commands if I don’t know the exact name of the command, for example?
| Info: | Working directory in console reminds user, where they are. (page 27) |
| Warning: | In command line user may forget where they are. (page 26) Child processes may stop, if parent shell exits. (page 26) |
Exercises in Terminal
1. What's your username on a Linux computer? There are two ways to find your username on a Linux computer
| Answer: |
1. In the command line prompt, e.g. |
2. What's the hostname of a Linux computer? There are two ways to find the hostname on a Linux computer.
| Answer: |
1. In the command line prompt, e.g.
|
3. What's your current working directory on a Linux computer? There are two ways to find your current working directory on a Linux computer.
| Answer: |
1. In the command line prompt, e.g.
|
4. Use up- and down- (↑ and ↓) arrow keys to see the command history.
| Explanation: |
The up- and down- (↑ and ↓) arrow keys can be used to navigate command history. |
5. Run sleep 1h command and wait, then use Ctrl-C to kill it.
| Explanation: |
sleep 1h puts the terminal into idle, e.g. terminal is doing nothing, for 1 hour.
|